漫谈绘画的表现主义
A discourse on the expressionism of painting

表现主义的美术运动已成为现代艺坛主潮了，但是表现主义的绘画到底是怎么的一种绘画呢？曾有许多批评家把凡发生在一九一〇年至一九二〇年间的新派绘画，诸如立体主义、抽象主义，以及超现实主义，都泛称为表现主义，其实这是完全不负责的论调。

这种非写实意向的表现主义，在一八八五年至一九〇〇年之间，已引起人们的关怀了，那时的画家，如梵高Van Gogh、洛特利克Lautrec、安塞Ensor、曼区Munch、侯德勒Hodler，都是极端的主张想象，强调艺术是自然的主观的变形，他们都力求摆脱印象派理论的桎梏，追求画家内心世界的表白，由于他们的努力，才奠下后来野兽派和表现派的基石。

表现派的主要运动是从德国、澳大利亚所兴起的，是野兽主义的反映，同时盛行于法国，但彼此都有着本身不同的生命。根据德国人的解释，所谓表现主义就是情绪的具体化。美术在德国并不重视审美规则，重要的是情感的表现。画家尝试通过形式、色彩。空间，以及对特征的夸张手法来破坏客观的现实性，而赋予它“真实感”——就是情绪上的真髓。因此绘画并不是视觉上物象状态的描画，而是要贯通物象形式，分析和表现内在的精神——着重于表现画家心境内的个人感情，侧重于灵魂的追求，是哲学的，是心里的，也是社会学的见解，从极端个人主义的角度去观看宇宙万象，以浓艳的色彩，丰富的想象，激情流露的倾向，使画面成功充实的“表现”，以最深刻的形式，构成综合的美。表现派画家为了要创造一种激烈的感情或具体化的情绪时，才运用光来描绘情节上的关系并不像印象派画家那样认为光和色是绘画的生命。

表现派与野兽派几乎是同时兴起的，前者是在德国，或者是在法国，这两画派都注重内在精神的表现，运用浓烈的色彩“结构”，但野兽派画家，纯粹由美的感觉为出发点，以单纯，安定的精神和富有装饰意味的特质来表现出生命的律动。表现派画家却采用粗糙、豪迈的笔触，飞龙似的轮廓，来刻划出个人内心感情的激动，所以野兽主义是重视画面上直截的绘画效果，完全是绘画的表现。表现主义是将哲学的思想，向画面表现，完全是精神内容的表现。总括地说，印象主义是描绘，立体主义是分析，超现实主义是诗化，而表现主义是探究的、是动的，不像野兽派画家以“如何表现”为前提，而是企图思想的推论。表现派的绘画是一种思想的表示，他们所描画世界上一切自然的姿态，都是注重内心的激动与活力的表现，是融合画家的技巧与本身的气质，所找寻出最合适于表达自己内在情绪及丰富想象的一种表现方法。

艺术本身为无限创造，艺术家的目的是要完成个人最高的创造境界，表现出情感的内涵，宇宙万象是不停地流转变化，人类的情感也因之生生不息，意象也随之层出无穷，所以这种侧重于表现内心情感的表现主义运动成为现代绘画艺术的主潮，成为美术史划时代的流派，是必然的一种趋势。

The art movement of Expressionism has become the mainstream of modern art circles, but what exactly is Expressionist painting? Many critics have mistakenly referred to the new styles of painting that emerged between 1910 and 1920, such as Cubism, Abstract Expressionism, and Surrealism, as Expressionism. However, this is a completely irresponsible assertion.

This non-representational form of Expressionism had already attracted attention between 1885 and 1900. Painters of that time, such as Van Gogh, Lautrec, Ensor, Munch, and Hodler, advocated extreme imagination and emphasized that art is the subjective transformation of nature. They sought to break free from the constraints of Impressionist theory and express the inner world of the artist. It was their efforts that laid the foundation for later movements like the Fauvism and Expressionism.

The Expressionist movement originated from Germany and Australia, reflecting the influence of Fauvism, and was also prevalent in France. However, each had its own unique characteristics. According to Germans, Expressionism is the concretization of emotions. In Germany, aesthetics were not highly regarded; what mattered was the expression of emotions. Artists attempted to destroy the objective reality through form, color, space, and exaggerated features, giving it a sense of "truth" - the essence of emotion. Therefore, painting was not about depicting the visual appearance of objects but about penetrating their form to analyze and express the inner spirit. It focused on expressing the personal emotions of the artist, emphasizing the pursuit of the soul. It was philosophical, psychological, and sociological insights, viewing the universe from an extreme individualistic perspective. Using vibrant colors, rich imagination, and a tendency to express passion, Expressionist painters aimed to create intense emotions or concretize feelings. Unlike Impressionist painters, who considered light and color as the essence of painting, Expressionist painters used light to depict narrative relationships when they sought to create a vivid emotion or concrete mood.

The Expressionist and Fauvist movements arose almost simultaneously. The former originated in Germany or France, and both of these painting styles emphasized the expression of inner spirit, using intense color "structures." However, Fauvist painters started from a purely aesthetic sense, depicting the rhythm of life with simplicity, tranquility, and decorative qualities. On the other hand, Expressionist painters employed rough, bold brushstrokes and dragon-like contours to depict the excitement of personal inner feelings. Thus, Fauvism emphasized direct painting effects, focusing solely on painting representation, while Expressionism was a manifestation of philosophical ideas on canvas, purely representing spiritual content.

In summary, Impressionism depicts, Cubism analyzes, Surrealism poeticizes, while Expressionism explores and moves dynamically. Unlike Fauvist painters who prioritize "how to represent," Expressionist painters attempt philosophical inference. Expressionist painting is a representation of thought. Their depiction of all natural postures in the world emphasizes the expression of inner excitement and vitality, blending the painter's skills with their temperament to find the most suitable method for expressing their inner emotions and rich imagination.

Art itself is infinite creation, and the artist's aim is to achieve the highest realm of personal creativity, expressing the essence of emotions. As the universe is constantly changing and human emotions are constantly evolving, images also emerge endlessly. Therefore, this Expressionist movement, which focuses on expressing inner emotional expression, has become the mainstream of modern painting art and a milestone genre in art history, representing an inevitable trend.